5 things you should know about confinement in Colombia

There are more people confined today than ever before. Hundreds of thousands need help, and aid workers are having an increasingly difficult time providing assistance. In 2024, humanitarian organisations reported an event about every two days that limited their access to people in need and ability to deliver humanitarian assistance.

The plight of civilians trapped by confinements remains dire in 2025. The United Nations reports a disturbing trend: in the first month of 2025, confinements were occurring on average once a week.

Here’s what you need to know about confinement in the context of the armed conflict in Colombia.

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This article was updated on 11 February 2025 to reflect recent statistics and trends.

1. Confinement is being used as a strategy in the conflict

Confinement is a strategy used by organised armed actors to exert control, especially in hard-to-reach areas where the state is absent. Whoever controls the population also controls the territory and illicit economies. Threats, the use of landmines, killings, sexual violence, armed violence and the imposition of curfews are intended to restrict the mobility of populations. A confined community is a trapped community.

“The armed groups impose rules like: you can’t go out, you can’t use that road, no one is allowed to pass through here. We are trapped,“ says Cecil, an indigenous teacher in the Pacific region of Colombia. Photo: Elegante Lab /NRC

2. A record number of people have been forced into confinement

As of December 2024, at least 138,400 people remained confined in Colombia. During 2024, the number of people confined exceeded the historical annual figures of the last 10 years due to territorial disputes between armed actors.

After the peace agreement was signed in 2016, confinement events increased, and 2024 was the worst year yet. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported 362 lockdown events between 2017 and December 2024, affecting more than 520,000 people.

3. Confinement and the struggle for survival

When communities are confined, they are forced to survive on only the food they have in their homes, but supplies can quickly run out. Families are forced to remain in their homes indefinitely, without warning and with no possibility to prepare. Communities are unable to do what they need to do to provide for themselves, such as fishing, hunting and farming, as well as economic activities such as traditional mining or logging. Children and young people are prevented from going to school. 

According to the UN refugee agency (UNHCR), the threat to food security due to blockades of villages and the restriction of access to fields of crops and agricultural infrastructure is having devastating effects on the population.

4. Fear silences the population

Confinement events often occur silently. Many communities do not talk about what is happening to them because people feel threatened and afraid. In addition to restrictions on people’s movements, the necessary resources to meet people’s basic needs are also restricted. Communities sometimes have only two options when they are confined by armed groups: remain silent or suffer the violent consequences. Weak state presence in remote areas continues to have a serious impact for people living in rural areas. 

5. Indigenous and Afro-Colombians are most affected

Lockdowns are disproportionately concentrated in certain areas of the country and continue to increase in the departments of Chocó, Nariño and Norte de Santander which are primarily home to indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities.

More than half of the instances of confinement in the country are concentrated in Chocó Department, with 157 registered events between January 2017 and December 2024 (OCHA). Most reported events during this period affected an ethnic community.

Following threats from armed groups, the most affected municipalities in the country are Alto Baudó, Bajo Baudó and Litoral del San Juan in Chocó.

“Where I live, we are afraid to walk [outside], we can’t walk freely. Whenever armed groups come, they lay landmines. If it’s a big device, it kills us, and if it’s smaller, it rips off a person’s limbs, leaving them with an incomplete body,” says Nelsa, who lives in southwestern Colombia. Photo: Elegante Lab/NRC

We call on the Colombian government and armed groups to negotiate an end to the practice of non-state actors confining entire communities to their homes or territories, restricting their access to health care and education, and limiting their ability to find work.